It is actually really easy. "Vav" is used when the next word start with "v'' or "f" (в/ф) , but when we talk we often say vav infront words starting with other letters, just to emphasize what we are saying. But for the writing there is just one rule! It`s like the English - an apple, an hour, a book.
vav vazata във вазата in the vase
v restoranta в ресторанта in the restaurant
If you need help i offer as well classes in Bulgarian! Wish you luck!