"from work" is not necessary, and is not what a native speaker would say, because to say you are on vacation already means you won't be going to work. I would also change the sentence slightly to this:
"What do you like to do when you go on vacation". However in this context it is usually said a bit more informally, for example "Where do you go on holidays" or "What do you do when you go on vacation".
Most people don't ask this question though, and usually only inquire in the past tense once the holiday is over. Planning for a holiday can be stressful, and it sounds a bit intrusive to inquire into other people's vacationing habits.
"Where did you go on your vacation" "What did you do in the holidays" are more common. Note "in the holidays" refers to a holiday season most people enjoy such as Easter or Christmas. "...on your vacation" would refer to a time outside of when other people also enjoy time off work.
You're right to say you can go on a vacation from "something", but to say "from something" is not often used. The only instance I can think of is used as a kind of joke about being stressed out by children. "I need to go on a vacation from the kids".
I hope that answers your question. If you'd like to practice speaking, I'd be happy to help you develop a study plan. Feel free to look at my teaching profile and class offerings and send me a message if you think I can help you.