Well, that is really a hard question, so I will show you the the meaning of '나다' from my Korean-English dictionary for you.
나다
①『태어나다』 be born; come into the world; come into being [existence].
②『자라다』 grow;『돋아나다』 sprout; bud (out); come out.
③ (a)『발생‧일어나다』 happen; occur; take place; break out (전쟁‧화재 따위가); arise; have.
(b)『생기다』 produce 「good results」; make [get] 「a profit」; yield 「profit」; generate 「heat」; cause 「damage」; come 「out of, from」; accrue 「from」.
④『소리가』 sound; come out [forth]; make a sound [noise].
⑤『병‧증상 따위가』 become; fall; get; have.
⑥『명성‧소문 따위가』 acquire; get abroad; circulate 「among」.
⑦ (a)『흥미‧능률이』 grow to be; get. (b)『기분‧생각이』 occur; come [flush] across [into] one’s mind.
⑧『흘러나오다』 come out; gush out [forth]; flow [run] out.
⑨『생산되다』 be produced; be yield-ed; be raised [grown]; be found.
⑩ (a)『티가』 have an air [a look, a style]; look like. (b)『맛‧냄새가』 smell; taste.
⑪『신문 등에』 appear [come out] 「in」; go into 「a newspaper」.
⑫『늘다』 gain 「in」; gather.
⑬『결과 따위』 be forthcoming;『결과로서』 come out as a result; turn out (to be); turn up (as).
⑭『잘생기다』 be handsome; be good= looking; 『탁월하다』 be great; be extra-ordinary.
⑮『눈 밖에』 leave; go [get] out.
⑯ 『나오다』 appear 「on the market」; come on 「to the market」.
⑰ (a)『뚫리다』 be made; be open(ed). (b)『비다』 open up; be vacated; become vacant. (c) 『방향으로』 open on.
⑱ 『계절을 지내다』 go [get] through; pass 「a season」.
⑲ 『되다』
⑳ 『흠 따위가 생기다』 flaw; crack.
Isn't this word amazing? 나다 has really lots of meanings and we just know the meaning of the word by using the word everyday.
Anyway, -었-, 았- and -났- make the word(나다) past tense.
Here is an example.
일어나다 (infinitive or present simple) - 일어났다 (past/past perfect/present perfect/present perfect continuous)