From [
http://www.nciku.com/search/zh/detail/%E4%B8%A4/1309489 ]:
二 vs. 两
èr vs. liǎng
Both of them mean “two”.
1. 二 is used in reading a number.
(1) 他出生于1982年。
(2) 我的邮编是三二二九二二。
In mathematical formulae, 2 is pronounced 二.
2. 二 is used in the ordinal number.
(1)我二叔已经回去了。
(2) 今年二月份我去了一次他那儿。
3. When there is a measure word (including 百、千、万、亿,etc.) 两 is used, e.g. 两个人 liǎnggè rén, 两个教室 liǎnggè jiàoshì, 两种方法 liǎng zhǒng fāngfǎ, etc. But 百, 千, 万, 亿 can also used together with 二, e.g. 二百 èr bǎi (200). In a sequence of numbers, the bigger digits can be modified by 两 while the small digits by 二, e.g. 两万二千二百 liǎng wàn èr qiān èr bǎi (22,200). As an exception, both 二 and 两 can be used to modify 位.
(1) 两(二)位这边请。
(2) 请问二(两)位想要点什么?
4. Before units of length, capacity and weight, either 二 or 两can be used, e.g. 两(二)公斤 liǎng (èr) gōngjīn, 二(两)里 èr (liǎng) lǐ.
5. In polysyllabic words or four-character phrases, 二 indicates order or number, e.g. 一分为二 yī fèn wéi èr (one divides into two; there are two sides to everything), 说一不二 shuō yī bù èr (stand by one’s word; while 两 indicates two sides, e.g. 两全其美 liǎngquán qí měi (satisfactory to both sides), 两败俱伤 liǎng bài jù shāng (both sides suffer, neither side gains), etc.