わかったかい=わかった+か+い (Did you get it?)
か:a particle for question これは本です。これは本ですか?
い:a particle indicating "some familiar emotion"
わかったかい?sounds more familiar/friendly than わかったか?
*** The following is my personal remarks.
- But I personally don't say わかったかい? in my everyday life, and haven't heard anyone say it to someone. I saw the phrase only on novels, movies, or animes, like an adult gives a boy a lesson gently "いいかい、お兄ちゃんなら、いつも妹を守ってあげなきゃいけないんだよ。わかったかい?"
or
わかったかい?暴力じゃなにも解決しないんだよ。また殴られたくなかったら大人しくしてるんだよ!
https://bokete.jp/boke/15689466
- わかったか? is so an offending phrase said from the upper to the lower; it reminds me of full metal jacket.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZYlXEUo-Lo
わかったか!?
Sir, yes sir!
- I also felt offended someone speaks to me わかったかい? because I feel as if they treat me like a child.
- It is not a dialect nor a slang but a standard Japanese word; however I believe it was originally a Tokyo dialect, on which modern Japanese was developed.
わりゃ銭があるかい? (Do you have money?)
そんなことがあるかってんでい ( It is impossible to happen!)