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The Book In early times, book consisted of inscribed clay tablets, rolls of papyrus, sheets of parchment, or other materials. Modern books consist of printed pages bounded between protective covers. The earliest survival works that may be classified as books were produced in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) about 5,000 years ago. The wedge-shaped letters characteristics of cuneiform script was pressed into the damp clay. Gradually papyrus scrolls replaced the clay tablets because of Aramaic language, which could not easily be transcripted in cuneiform words. Papyrus scrolls were made from flat strips cut from the stem of the papyrus plant. The strips were pasted together to form long sheets. A stick was attached to every end of the sheet, it was then wound up to form a scroll. The papyrus could be easily carried and stored, and it was poor for preserving records. Eventually parchment replaced papyrus as a writing material.
10 de febrero de 2012
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First notebook entry: O(∩_∩)O Evidently, a woman’s happy, willing deference is something the world wants visibly demonstrated. Woes to the waitress, the personal assistant or receptionist, the flight attendant, or any other woman in line of public service whose smile is not offered up to the boss or client as proof that there are no storm clouds --- no kids to support, no sleep that’s been missed --- roll into the sunny workplace landscape. Women are expected to smile no matter where they line on the the social, cultural, or economic ladder. College professors are criticized for not smiling, political spouses are pilloried for being too serious, and women’s roles in films have historically been smiling ones. It’s a litter wonder that men on the street still call out, “Hey, baby, smile! Life’s not that bad, is it?” to women passing by, lost in the thought. A friend remembers being pulled aside by a teacher after class and asked, “What is wrong, dear? You sat there for the whole hour looking so sad!” “All I could figure, ” my friend says now, “was that I wasn’t smiling. And the fact that she felt sorry for me for looking normal made me feel horrible.” Ironically, the social laws that govern our smiles have completely reversed themselves over the last 2,000 years. Women weren’t always expected to seem animated and responsible; in fact, immoderate laughter was once considered one of more conspicuous vices a woman could have, and mirth was downright sinful. Women were kept apart, in some cultures even veiled, so that they couldn’t perpetuate Eve’s seductive, evil work. The only smile deeming appropriate on a privileged woman’s face was the serene, inward smile of the Virgin Mary at Christ’s birth, Cackling laughter, and wicked glee were the kinds of sounds heard only in hell.
3 de febrero de 2012
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