Level B1 (approx. band 4-5) · Academic and General Training Short, simple sentences sound repetitive: "I have a friend. She lives in Canada." A relative clause joins them: "I have a friend who lives in Canada." This shows grammatical range. But learners often choose the wrong word, miss the commas, or repeat the object: "the book which I read it". In this episode: • The five words • Defining and non-defining • Leaving out the word, and reduced clauses • Combining sentences for range • Listening lab • Language bridge • Practice • Self-check questions with answers Key points: • who for people, which for things, whose for possession, where for places, and never repeat the object. • no commas means "which one"; commas mean "extra information", and never use that after a comma. • an -ing form or a past participle can replace who or which plus a verb, and make writing tighter. • join sentences at the shared noun, and use ", which" to comment on a whole idea. IELTS Complete Course: a self-study podcast from A1 to C2 for Academic and General Training. Listen, pause and answer, then take the 52-question quiz. Audio voiced with AI from an original script by Dr. Rashmi R Nair. Independent course, not affiliated with the IELTS test owners.