In English, "Arjun got the job" can be something you saw, something you heard, or a guess, and only your tone tells the difference. English speakers translate it as അർജുന് ജോലി കിട്ടി (arjunu joli kitti) = Arjun got the job, in every case. To a Malayali family, that sounds like you know it for certain, and if it turns out wrong, you are the one who spread it. In this episode: • I saw it: direct knowledge • I heard it: ennu kettu and paranju kettu • Apparently: polum and athre • It seems and it must be: guessing • Sure, not sure, don't know • Language bridge • Practice • Self-check questions with answers Key phrases from this episode: ഞാൻ കണ്ടു (njaan kandu) = I saw it ഞാൻ നേരിട്ട് കണ്ടതാ (njaan nerittu kandathaa) = I saw it with my own eyes അവൻ വരുന്നത് ഞാൻ കണ്ടു (avan varunnathu njaan kandu) = I saw him coming ഉറപ്പാണ് (urappaanu) = it's certain, I'm sure അവൾക്ക് ജോലി കിട്ടി എന്ന് കേട്ടു (avalkku joli kitti ennu kettu) = I heard she got a job പറഞ്ഞു കേട്ടു (paranju kettu) = I heard people say it, it's being said ലീല ചേച്ചി പറഞ്ഞു (leela chechi paranju) = Leela chechi said so അങ്ങനെയാ കേട്ടത് (anganeyaa kettathu) = that's what I heard പോലും (polum) = apparently, so I'm told അവൻ വന്നു പോലും (avan vannu polum) = apparently he came അത്രേ (athre) = so they say, it seems. It joins onto the word before it. അവൾക്ക് ജോലി കിട്ടിയത്രേ (avalkku joli kittiyathre) = apparently she got a job തോന്നുന്നു (thonnunnu) = it seems, I think, I feel. It goes after എന്ന് (ennu). മഴ പെയ്യും എന്ന് തോന്നുന്നു (mazha peyyum ennu thonnunnu) = I think it'll rain Learn Spoken Malayalam at Home: a complete course in everyday spoken Malayalam for English speakers. Native Malayalam pronunciation, every phrase in Malayalam script, Manglish and English, plus a language bridge comparing Malayalam with other world languages. Listen, repeat out loud, then take the 52-question quiz. Audio voiced with AI from an original script by Dr. Rashmi R Nair.