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Metro, autobús, AVE, tranvía... En España hay muchas formas de moverse y cada ciudad tiene sus propias reglas. En este episodio te cuento cómo funciona el transporte público en España, qué tarjetas necesitas, cómo ahorrar dinero en el tren y por qué me subí una vez en dirección contraria y acabé en el extrarradio de Madrid. Historia real, español despacio, explicaciones en inglés. Nivel A2-B1.

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Do you always say "How are you?" to your English teacher and English speaking friends? While we DO use this common expression in everyday spoken English, there are many more informal and more popular ways of asking this question amongst friends! Learn my favorites in this episode of Stairway to English!
👉 Book with me: https://italki.com/teacher/8476284

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Stop saying "How are you"! 

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Class 36. Saying no — six different ways Malayalam says "was not", and why English is the strange one.

That sentence sounds absurd the first time you hear it. Six ways to say "was not", all of them used, and using the wrong one is immediately audible. But flip it around: the real oddity here is English.

WHY ENGLISH IS THE WEIRD ONE
English has one massively overloaded verb, "to be", doing at least three different jobs. It links a subject to an identity (he is a doctor). It states that something exists (there is a problem). In some languages it even handles possession. English piles all that onto one word and lets context sort it out.

Malayalam refuses. Identity is ആണ്. Existence and possession are ഉണ്ട്. Two separate lineages, each of which can be pushed into the past independently. Add action verbs on top and you arrive naturally at several distinct forms of "was not". They are not redundant duplicates — they are the honest consequence of a language that keeps its concepts apart.

THE ONE QUESTION THAT KEEPS THEM STRAIGHT
Ask every time: what am I actually denying — an identity, a presence, a possession, or an action?

1. ആയിരുന്നില്ല (aayirunnilla) — was not, of identity or description. അവൻ ഡോക്ടർ ആയിരുന്നില്ല — he was not a doctor.
2. ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു (illaayirunnu) — was absent, did not exist. ആ കാലത്തു മൊബൈൽ ഫോൺ ഇല്ലായിരുന്നു — in those days mobile phones did not exist.
3. ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല (undaayirunnilla) — did not have. എനിക്ക് പൈസ ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നില്ല — I did not have money.
4. Past stem + ഇല്ല, for actions. ഞാൻ പറഞ്ഞില്ല · അവൻ വന്നില്ല · അവൾ പോയില്ല.

THE RULE THAT SAVES YOU
Attach ഇല്ല to the PAST stem, never the present. പറഞ്ഞു + ഇല്ല fuses to പറഞ്ഞില്ല. Build it from the present stem and you produce a non-word. The past marker must be INSIDE the negative, not outside it.

And action verbs never borrow the other three systems. They have their own lane.

Taught by Dr. Reshmi R Nair.

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#36 Six Ways to Say "Was Not" in Malayalam — and Why English Is the Odd One Out

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