In one sense rogue can be used to describe someone outside of the usual circle, a rogue hacker etc, and in this sense the characterization as outcast is similar. But outcast suggests someone thrown out while a rogue might have chose to be outside of the normal group. In another context a rogue is simply a trickster or scamp

Someone might _become_ an outcast because of _being_ a rogue. A rogue is someone who breaks norms and goes outside of social or legal boundaries. It can be used lightly or seriously. "Don't invite crazy old uncle Lem to the dinner. You just never know what that old rogue is likely to do." Or, it can be serious: "You have to dismiss XYZ from the police force. He's a rogue cop and you can't trust him to follow the rules." If the rogue cop were dismissed from the police force, you might call him an "outcast."

If someone is a rogue, it means that they don't behave in the usual or expected manner. It usually has a negative connotation. As for an outcast, it's a person who isn't accepted by society.