There are many phrasal verbs which occur mainly - or only - in spoken language. Phrasal verbs are a particular feature of informal conversational English, so you need to watch TV, videos and films, and observe when certain phrases are used. Reading is good also, but you would probably find most phrasal verbs in the dialogue parts of texts, rather than in the narrative. When you are studying phrasal verbs you should learn whole sentences - not just the phrases in isolation. When making notes, many students think that it's enough to write down a phrasal verb alongside a synonym, or a translation into their own language. Please don't do that. It's important to learn how each expression fits into a sentence - try to remember the exact phrase which you have heard. It's quite tricky to use phrasal verbs, as some are separable and some aren't, some can take an object and some can't, some have quite wide uses while others are quite restricted in their use. When you've learnt a new phrasal verb you can then 'listen out' for it the next time you are watching TV or listening to native speakers, and learn more about how it can (or can't) be used.

"In context" is the best way. Always use a full sentence, because the meaning of a particular phrasal verb can easily change if other parts of the sentence change. I advise writing down the full sentence, underlining the phrasal verb parts, then marking the other parts of the sentence which influence the meaning. I haven't yet found any textbook which does this properly, but this is how I teach phrasal verbs in class. Play on this site below for some examples. Just be aware the the definition you see fits only the one example sentence. http://www.roadtogrammar.com/phrasalverbs/

I don't know what you mean by "phrasal verb." I have taught English and have done a lot of professional writing, but I have not heard that term. If you give an example or two, I would be glad to help you out here.

Another good way is to hear, speak and read allot of English. That way you will get familiar with how the verbs are used. If you get very familiar with English you will instinctively know what phrasal verb works in which sentences.

"Phrasal Verbs" are used more in an everyday colloquial sense. There is no one method to learn them but to just try to read as much as possible.