I'll try to stay as close as possible to the text (so translation and not mediation)
a) "Because of that barely measurable, never certifiable too much of quick courtesy a touchy awkwardness arised, which the tourist - knowing the country's language - ..."
The "der Landessprache" is in dative. That is, because this elliptic inserted part would be fully "Er ist der Landessprache mächtig" (etwas. mächtig sein [mit Dativ] - to know smth/to be able to do smth) but because it's, as said, only inserted and therefor used for a short information about the tourist it is shortened so the flow of reading doesn't stop.
I hope my direct translation helps you with the words, otherwise ask please.
b) "I'm inherently more inclined toward thought and leisure/doing nothing than work/labor, but somethimes/from time to time my financial problems force me - because thought brings as litte as doing nothing - to accept/take a (so called) job."
You can't just cut out "doch hin" here. It's "doch", which is here an adversative conjunction, so it emphasis an opposition (so you can translate it as "but" or so). The other part is a fixed saying: "hin und wieder" - it can be translated the best as "from time to time" I think (otherwise you can use interchangeably eg "sometimes")
c) "... and he was sent with seven other fellow sufferers into Wunsiedels factory."
I think you got "geschickt" wrong here. It's not an adjective, so like "skillful", but it's the past participle of "schicken" -> "Ich schicke, ich schickte, ich habe geschickt". And you probably know that the passive in German is mostly built by "Form von 'werden' + Partizip".