I’m afraid I / we / he / etc
I’m afraid… is also used in another way, meaning: I regret that I have to tell you that…. It is used to introduce bad news in a gentle or polite way:
I’m afraid there’s been an accident at the crossroads. Your son’s been knocked over on his bike.
I’m afraid we shan’t be able to come on the skiing trip with you. John’s got to work.
He’s done very little work, I’m afraid. He’ll have to repeat the course.
I’m afraid so. / I’m afraid not.
We can use these forms as short answers to confirm bad news:
Will I really have to repeat the course next year? ~ I’m afraid so.
Can’t you really come on the skiing trip with us? ~ I’m afraid not.
frightened / frightening
As a general rule, adjectives ending in -ed are used to describe how people feel. Adjectives ending in -ing describe the things or situations that give rise to these feelings. So, remember, frightened describes how you feel. Frightening describes the things that make you feel frightened:
She looked very frightened when I told her she would lose her job.
It was one of the most frightening films I had ever seen.
It’s frightening to think that they are capable of producing nuclear weapons.
terrified / terrifying
Similarly, terrified describes you feel. Terrifying describes the things that make you feel terrified. Terrified and terrifying express a higher degree of anxiety or worry than frightened and frightening:
I was so much in debt. I was terrified I would lose my job when the restructuring was announced.
It was a terrifying experience. I doubt he will ever recover from it.
scared / scary
Scary is the adjective relating to things or situations; scared the adjective relating to how people feel. Scary and frightening express similar levels of fear or worry:
Being alone in a cave with five thousand bats was scary.
I felt scared when night fell and I was nowhere near human habitation.