It is just quick check of my understanding.

In my undertstanding , 'lo siento' is used when we want to express condolences and show our empathy , for example in the funerals; 'perdon' is used when we want to ask for someone's forgiveness, for example when we have said or done something bad; 'discuple' is used when we want to interrupt somebody or apologize for our mistake; 'con permiso' is used when we want to make our way through a crowd.

'Discuple' or 'perdon' is used when we want someone to repeat

Feel free to point out if any of my misunderstanding, I am happy to correct them and learn