สั้น and เตี้ย
What's the difference between these two words I see defined as "short"? If they're not interchangeable, could you give me a couple example sentences of how to use them? Thanks!

Question

Answer

"เตี้ย" is used for describe the height of various objects.  (short vs tall)
for example 
He is short = เขาเป็นคนตัวเตี้ย
mostly we use "เตี้ย" with people/desk/table/closet.

"สั้น" is used for describe the length of various objects.  (short vs long)
for example
It is just a short answer. = นี่เป็นแค่คำตอบสั้นๆ

anyway sometimes short people don't like being called "เตี้ย", so I always use "ตัวเล็ก" (small) instead.

Answer

1) adjective: 
สั้น = The runway is too short. (ทางวิ่งสั้นเกินไป) |
ย่อ = short story (เรื่องย่อ), summary, condensed |
เตี้ย = He is too short. (เขาเตี้ยเกินไป), low, scrub, scrubby, dwarf, dwarfish |
เกรียน = very short hair (ผมสั้นเกรียน), closely cropped | 
น้อย = short, little, few, low, small, minor |  
ใกล้ = short distance, near, close, imminent, nigh |
ห้วน = short answer,  terse, laconic, brusque, flippant |
ไม่นาน = shortly after ... |

2) verb: 
กุด = stub, stump, maim, cut off, short, behead

3) noun:  
ระยะใกล้ = short distance | 
การลัดวงจร = short circuit