participle phrase, RULES!! if the sentence I want to pass to a participle clause is in the -past- then the main verb of the participle phrase will end in -ing *Laura was shy, so she dind't talk to ben "feeling shy, laura didn't talk to ben" if the sentence I want to pass to a participle clause is the past/present perfect, then the participle phrase will have the form -having + 3rd form of the verb *because I had seen the film before, I decided to stay at home "having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home" -ARE THESE RULES OK? I MEAN, ALWAYS......thanks