Salaam, I would say that 'though' can mean مع انه if used at the beginning of a sentence, and ولكن if it appears at the end of a sentence (e.g. compare: 'Though I was sick' مع انی کنت مریضا to 'I hit him though' ولكن ضربته). 'Although' occurs at the beginning of a sentence (or more accurately, a clause) and can only mean مع انه. 'Even though' has a similar meaning but like although, can only occur at the beginning of a sentence. The choice to use it instead of though is primarily personal choice (i.e. "Although I was sick...", "Even though I was sick..." and "Though I was sick..." are all equally correct). 'Despite' and 'in spite of' are similar to each other in meaning, the only difference is the 'of' in 'in spite of'. 'In spite of' is also considered more formal than 'despite'. In terms of meaning, the two probably most approximate على الرغم من in meaning. That is, they require you put a noun after them instead of a sentence/clause ("I bought it in spite of/despite his warning" (اشتريته على الرغم من تحذيره). Hope this helps you brother insha'allah.