The biggest difference between these is the level of politeness. Like Korean, in English we have different grammar forms to use in different situations. "feel like ~ing" is connected to your feelings or emotions. The connection to your feelings is emphasized. It is more casual and you can use it with friends or family. It is like 해 "want to" is similar, but there is not an emphasis on your feelings, just your desires. It is neutral. You can use it with friends, family, your boss, your teacher, or someone you don't know. It is like 하다 "would like to" means the same as "want to", but "would like to" is the formal, polite form. You should use it with your boss, your teacher, or someone you don't know. It is like 합니다

Thanks ~