Not really. "Marbling" describes the pattern of fat and muscle cells in the slice of meat. You can describe a meat's marbling just by looking at it. "Texture" describes the way the meat FEELS, usually after you cook it. You have to put the meat in your mouth or touch it with your fingers to get a good sense of its texture.

marbled/ing is used to describe a variegated appearance resembling marble; texture relates to perceived structure and can refer to material or rock or skin or music ... marbling is perhaps a type of texture, but the words are definitely not equivalent