How to cut this sentence? He divides the literature on the theory, practice and history of translation into four periods. 1. He divides/ the literature on the theory, /practice /and history of translation/ into four periods. 2. He divides/ the literature/ on the theory, practice and history of translation/ into four periods. 3. He divides/ the literature on the theory, /practice and history of translation/ into four periods.

What is 'twelve leagues' distance'?? “To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. What does “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” mean? 这句话是什么意思？league is an union, right? but what is ' leagues' distance'?

Solutions to Problems Caused by Urbanization Countries and regions all over the world face the challenge of urbanization, with some problems occurring in big cities which makes the living quality decline. In my opinion, the causes come from different aspects and both governments and citizens should take action. Two main causes of the bad qualities of life are traffic congestion and pollution in big cities. The bad traffic condition usually results from the early planning and construction of roads. What's more, the great number of car ownership and the underdevelopment or lag of public transportation also contribute to this problem. The rapid deterioration of environment is the other problem. Due to the increasing population of big cities, there is more sewage dumped into rivers or sea, which causes water pollution. In addition, the waste gases released from vehicles and factories lead to air pollution. The government should play the main role in trickling those problems as masses should cooperate with it. First of all, governments should focus on the development of public transportation, such as buses, metros and light railways. Another wise solution to traffic issues is to limit the private car ownership. Furthermore, polluting factories should moved from cities to barren areas in order to improve the environment. Individuals also need to raise awareness of citizenship and take actions such as recycling discards, choosing public transportation and so on. Nowadays, the bad living quality in big cities mainly results from congestion and pollution. Governments and individuals should make joint efforts to improve it, especially the former.