The feeling of national consciousness (Part II) ... Of course, for the ages these four nations have somehow mixed up, that was provided by groups of the emigrants, who has been unevenly getting in. There was formed a single political, social and state system, resulted into all the inhabitants from islands felt themselves a single nation. British are often mixed up with Englishmen though, because firstly Englishmen are the most numerous people in the area of Great Britain, secondly a union of smaller in numbers Scottish, Welsh and Irish happened under the English crown, and thirdly, it is because all the government power is concentrated in the very England, or more exactly, in the south-eastern part or it. The nationalism of Englishmen turns out to be ruling, but they themselves don't see particular differences in their defining themselves as British or Englishmen. Representatives of the other folks are always to limit them from Great Britain in common, as a rule, they don't get used to domination and influence of Englishmen, they consider themselves completely different from them and prefer to feel Scottish (Welsh, Irish), but not British. The feeling of national consciousness until recently had existed just in cultural area, as well as common British government had been admitted by all the four folks, except a few people from Northern Ireland. However, in 60-70 nationalism moved to the politics of Scotland and Wales. Calls to sovereignty of these two countries led to the beginning of creation their own parliament in Wales and delivery of wide powers and liberty to Scottish parliament. Requirements to decentralize the economy within England reflect its regional differences. So as Englishmen as nation themselves are very different, their customs, accents and behavior are tremendously differs. ...

The feeling of national consciousness (Part I) It happened that emigrants always seemed to be a threat to British moral, social and cultural values to some people, whose presence will totally change society. However, this point of view is completely missing the difficulties of the definition of British norms in different periods of British history. Emigrants definitely changed the society and relationships within it, but British islands were always populated with folks of several different cultures. There is a huge amount of discrepancies between the four nations of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and also the variety of cultures inside each country. Such a variety of their cultures and a presence of emigrants communities raises a question about the meaning of the determination “typical British”. The “typical British” behavior is attributed to all the settlers of British islands since 1070, when Great Britain was formed. Since that time this definition has been containing stability and centralization of the management institution without a harm to existing national traditions. But the history of British islands had been representing no a history of a single state, but a history of four completely different countries and their people, that quite often fought with each other. Folks of current Common Wealth saved significant national and cultural differences. Political terms such as “British” and “Britain” seem too artificial to many of them. Foreigners often call British as Englishmen, and too often don't make British cultures out and don't also note irritation of non-British people linked to that treatment. In general Scottish, Welsh and Irish are descendants of Celts, meanwhile Englishmen are successors of Anglo-Saxons. Critics observe many dwellers of Great Britain don't suppose them to be British and they assume that it's necessary to look over this term radically in the light of the multinational and multiracial country, that is in EU. ...

question with "due to" hello. Tell me please how to ask questions with due to? for example, a question to this statement: we managed escape other experiments due to this invention.

how to read out loud a time period between two dates? tell me please, how to pronounce a pediod of time like 1571-1630 with a dash? "1571 dash 1630", "1571 up to 1630", "1571 1630" or another variant? thanks.

what are your methods of watching movies in original? It is interesting to know, how someone watches movies in origin. What do you usually do, when you see (in case if subtitles are on) an unknown word or listen to it? Do you pause the video and consult a dictionary right now, or you write down it and find out it later? What is your opinion, which way is more useful?

Michael Faraday (part3) Part3 In the early 1840s, Faraday's health began to get worse and he did less research. Finally, in the age of 70 he decided to leave the Institution. In one of his letters he mentioned about memory reduction, bringing a lot of efforts. Michael Faraday died on 25 August 1867. All his life he was an honest man with humble soul, who never worked for wealth and completely dedicated himself to science. His name was given to the 'farad', originally describing a unit of electrical charge but later a unit of electrical capacitance. All his works were writen down into his diary, where the last experiment has a number 16041. That is the great one, isn't it? Unfortunally, Faraday could not explain most of his researches mathimatically. But he was a great theorist, who paid only attention to essence of physical natures.

Michael Faraday (part2) Part2 On Christmas morning in 1821, Michael Faraday had an unusual present for his wife. He led her to his laboratory, where he presented her with one of his experiments, but she had no idea what it was. There was a small container of mercury with a magnet attached to it. A copper rod was placed above the magnet, with one end stuck in a cork that floated on the mercury. Finally, a battery was connected to the upper end of the copper rod and to the mercury. When the battery was connected and the circuit was complete, the copper rod started revolving above the magnet. It was the first electric motor, but inventors did not start making electric toys yet. Electricity was too expensive, Faraday hadn’t invented an easy way of producing it yet. In 1821 he published his work on electromagnetic rotation (the principle behind the electric motor). He was able to carry out little further research in the 1820s, but he was busy with other projects. In 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, the principle behind the electric transformer and generator. During the rest of the decade he worked on developing his ideas about electricity. He was partly responsible for coining many familiar words including 'electrode', 'cathode' and 'ion'.

Michael Faraday (part1) Part1 Sometimes it may be curious how someone succeded in some area of our life, how he could invent anything important for human being. And when we know this information, there is rather interesting question: how could he do that in those circumstances he was in? Obviously one's luck and a brilliant mind pull together and work miracles. Today I want to tell you a short story about the life of Michael Faraday, the greatest chemist and physicist of the 19th century. He was born in south London in 1791. His family was poor and Faraday received only a basic formal education. When he was 13 he had to leave the school. That time he had difficulties with the pronounciation of some letters, and his master humiliated him. The parents could not allow that and take him away. Well, after leaving school he was employeed as a local bookbinder and during the next seven years, educated himself by reading books on a wide range of scientific subjects. In 1812, Faraday attended four lectures given by the chemist Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. Faraday wrote to Davy asking for a job as his assistant. Firstly Davy turned him down. A bit later there was an accident with Davy. His eyes were damaged during the chemical experiment. After that he needed a man who could do all his handicraft. In 1813 he appointed Faraday to the job of his chemical assistant at the Royal Institution. A year later, Faraday was invited to accompany Davy and his wife on an 18 month European tour taking in France, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium and meeting many influential scientists. On their return in 1815, Faraday continued to work at the Royal Institution, helping with experiments for Davy and other scientists.

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