conditional sentences(1st and 2nd)


Hello, guys! This is Kate. Hope you are doing just fine. And today we’re going back to conditional sentences. This is part two and if you haven’t listened to the first podcast, it’s highly recommended to go back and take a look at them.

Alright, today’s podcast is about the 1st and 2nd conditionals. 
First of all let’s revise the first conditional. As you remember, we use it to talk about the future. Here are some examples for you to refresh your memory:

-If you study hard, you’ll enter the university.
-She will be happy if she earns outrageous sums of money.

I hope you remembered this one guys, because we’re going straight to the second conditional.

Why do we need it? To talk about present events which are almost impossible.

Here are a couple of examples:

If I could go anywhere, I would go to South Korea.
If I had more money, I would travel a lot.
I would drop out of my university if my parents didn’t pay for it.


Let’s take a look at the structure:

If+Past Simple, S+would+V1.
And vice versa
S+would+V1 | If+Past Simple(if the sentence is reversed, we don’t use a comma!)



I hope it was useful, it was nice to share this info with you. Feel free to book lessons with me. Thank you and see you later!



Excellent at English with Kate K

Conditional sentences(1st and 2nd)

The European Union (EU) has encouraged citizens across the continent to stockpile food, water and other essentials to last at least 72 hours as war, cyberattacks, climate change and disease increase the chances of a crisis.

The call to action for the EU's 450 million citizens comes as the 27-nation bloc rethinks its security, especially after Donald Trump's US administration warned that Europe must take more responsibility for it.

In recent years, the EU has been forced to deal with the coronavirus pandemic, and the threat from Russia, including its attempts to exploit Europe's dependence on its natural gas to weaken support for Ukraine.

NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte has warned that Russia could be capable of launching another attack in Europe by 2030.

"Today's threats facing Europe are more complex than ever, and they are all interconnected," said Preparedness and Crisis Management Commissioner Hadja Lahbib as she shared a new strategy for dealing with future disasters.

While the commission is keen not to be seen as alarmist, Lahbib said it's important "to make sure people have essential supplies for at least 72 hours in a crisis." She listed food, water, flashlights, ID papers, medicine and radios as things to stock.

Lahbib said the EU should build up a "strategic reserve" and stockpile other critical resources including firefighting planes; medical, energy and transport equipment; and specialized assets against chemical, biological and nuclear threats.

The EU's plans are similar to those in France, Finland and Sweden.

Last year, Sweden updated its civil emergency advice "to better reflect today's security policy reality" such as what to do in case of nuclear attack.

Not all EU countries have the same level of crisis preparedness, and the commission also wants to encourage them to coordinate better in case of emergency.

President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, said: "New realities require a new level of preparedness in Europe."



Practice Listening, Reading & Comprehension

EU Asks People to Gather Supplies in Case of Crisis

The number of couples getting married in South Korea increased by almost 15% between 2023 and 2024.

That's the biggest percentage increase in marriages since the government began collecting this data in 1970.

More than 222,000 couples got married in South Korea in 2024. That's good news for a country with one of the world's lowest birth rates.

The government has been trying to encourage people to get married and have children to help boost the country's shrinking population.

It may just have worked. However, not all young people are convinced that marriage is the right thing for them.

According to The South China Morning Post, many young people in the country are still choosing an "unmarried lifestyle" for personal and financial reasons.

Some said that getting married and doing things like buying a home and having children are too expensive.

Others felt they would be more likely to find happiness on their own.

The government data also showed that the number of marriages between South Koreans and foreign nationals has increased for the third year in a row.

There were almost 21,000 of these marriages last year. That's an increase of more than 1,000 from 2023, although still not quite as high as it was before the coronavirus pandemic.

Almost three out of 10 foreign husbands were from the US. And about a third of foreign wives were from Vietnam, while many others were from China and Thailand.

The number of divorces among couples of different nationalities also decreased last year, according to Yonhap News Agency.

Big Rise in Number of Marriages in South Korea

Egg prices are rising in America. The average cost of a dozen eggs hit a record $4.95 in January — up 53% from a year earlier. The price was below $2 in early 2022.

While the coronavirus pandemic and inflation have affected prices, experts say the real problem has been bird flu. An outbreak that began in early 2022 has become the largest in US history, affecting more than 100 million egg-laying hens.

To cope with rising egg prices, some Americans have been going straight to the source — and renting hens.

Rent The Chicken in New Hampshire is letting people rent egg-laying hens for six months at a time. For $595, you get two egg-laying hens and a guide on how to take care of them, as well as chicken feed and a coop to keep the birds in.

The birds actually aren't very difficult to take care of, explains Brian Templeton, owner of Rent The Chicken. "You just let them out and walk around and they go in at night on their own," he told CBS News.

"People really enjoy it," he added.

Rent The Chicken says two hens should produce eight to 14 eggs per week.

That comes to about $25 for every dozen eggs — so it's not really a savings.

You can also get four hens for $735, which would reduce your cost to about $15 per dozen eggs.

However, if you'd like to keep your chickens and coop at the end of your rental period, you can — for an extra $350 to $450.

According to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, hens will usually live for six to eight years, and produce eggs for three to four of those years.

So that might bring your price down over time.

Americans Rent Chickens as Egg Prices Rise

Hawaii's regular sunshine, short rain showers and clean air come together to create some of the planet's best conditions for viewing rainbows. Rainbows are seen so often here that a University of Hawaii professor calls the state the "rainbow capital of the world."

"Hawaii has maybe the best rainbows on the planet," said Steven Businger, professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

He has even created an app called RainbowChase to help people find rainbows in Hawaii.

Rainbows form when drops of rain refract sunlight into a spectrum of colors. The brighter the sun, the clearer the rainbow.

Hawaii's winds bring many small showers with enough blue sky between them for the sun to shine through. Conditions are best during the rainy season from October through April.

Visitors should look for rainbows when it's both sunny and raining at the same time. Rainbows will appear opposite the sun. They will seem larger and higher in the sky in the early morning and late afternoon, when the sun is lower on the horizon.

Rainbows are popular symbols of island life. Pictures of them can be seen on buildings and buses, and even on vehicle license plates.

"They cause us to stand still and for a moment, forget about the past and the future," Businger said.

There are about 20 names for rainbows in the Hawaiian language, including different words for different types of rainbows.

Sam 'Ohu Gon III, senior scientist and cultural adviser at The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii, said rainbows are considered a symbol of Kāne, one of the four main gods in Hawaiian tradition. The closer you get to a rainbow, the more likely you are to meet a supernatural force or a powerful person, he said.

A rainbow is also believed to show that an aumakua — a deified family member or family god — is nearby.

Why Hawaii Is the 'Rainbow Capital of the World'


The number of tigers in India more than doubled between 2010 and 2022, according to a new study.

In 2010, there were around 1,700 tigers in the country — but there were almost 3,700 by 2022, the study said.

The study also said that tiger numbers had increased because the animals were better protected from poachers and because their habitats were better protected too.

The researchers added that the amount of contact between humans and animals has been reduced, and the country has made sure that the tigers have enough prey.

The researchers said the results show that, with the right attitude, people can make a difference.

Some people now want the country to spend more time and money on protecting other animals too.

Of all the tigers in the world, 75% are now in India, in an area of about 138,000 square kilometers.

But many of these animals live close to large numbers of people.

The researchers said some communities have benefited from the increased tiger population because it has meant tourists have visited the area to see the animals.

However, tiger attacks on humans do happen, and with India's human population growing, this problem won't go away.

But the researchers said the number of tiger attacks per year is quite small, and many more people are killed by leopards, wild pigs and snakes, and in car accidents.

However, while many have said that the increase in tigers is good news, others are not sure about the accuracy of the data, which was collected by government-supported agencies.

Number of Tigers in India Doubled in 12 Years

The Super Bowl, one of the biggest nights in US sports — and the American cultural calendar — ended with victory for the Philadelphia Eagles on Sunday February 9.

The Eagles defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 40-22 in New Orleans. The game was played amid heavy security — and with President Donald Trump in attendance — just 41 days after a man drove a truck into New Year's partygoers on the city's Bourbon Street.

There were tributes before the game to the 14 people who were killed in the incident.

On the field, there was plenty for millions of viewers around the world to enjoy — although the game was not so enjoyable for Chiefs fans.

The Kansas franchise had won three out of the last five Super Bowls, but they didn't come close in the 59th edition.

Not even the presence of pop superstar Taylor Swift, who has spent all season supporting boyfriend Travis Kelce, a player with the Chiefs, could make a difference!

Eagles coach Nick Sirianni said his players had to work together to win. "This is the ultimate team game. You can't be great without the greatness of others," he said.

The Chiefs' star quarterback Patrick Mahomes was kept quiet by the Eagles defense, denying him a fourth Super Bowl win.

A lot of the pre-game interest in the Super Bowl had centered around the traditional halftime entertainment, with rapper Kendrick Lamar performing just days after winning five Grammy awards.

His show didn't disappoint, with dancers in red, white and blue performing around a car onstage, while the rapper also performed his Grammy-winning song of the year "Not Like Us."

However, one of the many performers was detained on the field after unfurling a combination of the Sudanese and Palestinian flags with "Sudan" and "Gaza" written on it.

An NFL spokesperson told The Associated Press that the performer would be banned for life from all NFL stadiums and events.

Trump, meanwhile, became the first serving US President to attend the Super Bowl.

Drama On and Off Field as Eagles Win Super Bowl

Disneyland Paris has launched a new light show called Disney Tales of Magic, an immersive 20-minute show that uses drones, synchronized fountains, and high-definition projections.

The show's main feature — ultra-bright lasers — has been used only once before, at the Paris 2024 Olympics at the Eiffel Tower during the opening ceremony featuring a performance by Celine Dion. The lasers, which travel 37 kilometers, deliver extraordinary power while remaining safe near crowds.

"The Paris Olympics used it first. But we saw it first," said Dana Harrel, executive entertainment director at Disneyland Paris.

The show brings Disney and Pixar tales to life with the use of drone-made 3D figures projected onto the night sky, synchronized fountains and a 100-piece orchestra.

The show also reflects Disney's storytelling evolution. Tim Lutkin, artistic director of the production, noted the shift from classic fairy tales to modern narratives like Encanto and Inside Out 2, which explore deeper themes such as anxiety and depression.

The show is just one part of Disneyland Paris' $2 billion expansion plan, part of a $60 billion global investment announced in September 2023, aiming to redefine Disney parks, cruises and attractions over the next decade.

At the heart of the expansion is the transformation of Walt Disney Studios Park, doubling in size and reimagined as Disney Adventure World. Opening in spring 2025, a new park entrance, World Premiere, will greet visitors with the glamor of a Hollywood film premiere, leading them into immersive themed areas.

The expansion includes two eagerly awaited themed lands: The World of Frozen, opening in 2026, and The Lion King land. The Disneyland Hotel has also been revamped, with rooms themed around classic Disney royalty.

"These projects reflect our commitment to innovation and storytelling," said Natacha Rafalski, head of Disneyland Paris, adding that they will further strengthen it as Europe's top tourist destination.



Drones and Lasers Light Up Disneyland Paris in New Show

Crowds of people queued up at Australia's Royal Sydney Botanic Garden on January 23, with some people waiting as long as three hours.

And for what?

A very smelly flower.

The titan arum, known as the "corpse flower," is a tall, pointed plant that releases an unpleasant smell when it blooms. The smell has been likened to things like decaying flesh, gym socks or rotting garbage.

The endangered plant is only found in the Sumatran rainforests in Indonesia, where there are thought to be fewer than 300 of them. It only blooms every 7 to 10 years in its natural habitat.

"The fact that they open very rarely, so they flower rarely, is obviously something that puts them at a little bit of a disadvantage in the wild," said Sophie Daniel from the Royal Sydney Botanic Garden. "When they open, they have to hope that another flower is open nearby, because they can't self-pollinate."

The flower at the botanic garden is the first to bloom there in 15 years, and she's been named Putricia — a combination of "putrid" and "Patricia" — by her fans.

Putricia's online fandom grew quickly and globally. A 24/7 live stream established by the botanic garden drew close to a million views in under a week, and people on social media planned to hurry to the garden as the plant opened. In just 24 hours, Putricia's bloom — and her stench — would be gone.

As she opened, the plant heated to 37 degrees Celsius to better spread her scent. In the wild, the smell tricks pollinators into landing on what they think is rotten meat and spreading pollen between flowers.

Up to 20,000 people filed past for a moment in her pungent presence, leaning in for a sniff or taking selfies.

It was difficult to say why the flower attracted such a following — but perhaps the answer lay in the "reverence" viewers felt in the presence of "such an amazing living being," Daniel said.


