How to understand the meaning of and the difference between the preposition like to ,with ,for,of ?
I am reading a book that explain what difference between Engish and Chinese in thinking .

It said that Engish use more preposition to describe the relationship between objects while chinese use more verbs to .

As a chinese , it is difficult for me to understand some engish sentence that use preposition to replace some verbs .

Such as :
She told me one day over coffee.

I'm behind you .

I wouldn't put it past colin to his wife .

It's hard being on your own for the fist time .

On second thoughts , i will accept the offer (why not use 'after' instead of 'on' )

He's shouting on the intercom .( why 'on' )

In a blaze of fury he shout at his wife. (why 'at' )

she's cheating me

she's cheating on me

==endless==

There are many sentences like above which is hard for me to understand.
And here is question .

How do native english speaker combine words into a sentence ?
Why and when they choose that preposition instead of verbs or other prepositions?

Question

How to understand the meaning of and the difference between  the preposition like to ,with ,for,of ?
I am reading a book that explain what difference between Engish and Chinese in thinking .

It said that Engish use more preposition to describe the relationship between objects while chinese use more verbs to .

As a chinese , it is difficult for me to understand some engish sentence that use preposition to replace some verbs .

Such as :
She told me one day over coffee.

I'm behind you .

I wouldn't put it past colin to his wife .

It's hard being on your own for the fist time .

On second thoughts , i will accept the offer (why not use 'after' instead of 'on' )

He's shouting on the intercom .( why 'on' )

In a blaze of fury he shout at his wife. (why 'at' )

she's cheating me

she's cheating on me

==endless==

There are many sentences like above which is hard for me to understand.
And here is question .

How do native english speaker combine words into a sentence ? 
Why and when they choose that preposition instead of verbs or other prepositions?

Answer

By and large there are no reasons for these rules.

More to the point, that is not the way to learn English.  You need to detoxify yourself from the myths and systemic defaults you have been subject to all your life and start as a blank piece of paper.  Just learn like a child immersed in English culture.  Live it as daily life.

Answer

Throw away that Chinese book if yours that purports to give you some generalised rules about English prepositions.  Use proper English textbooks written by native speakers and published by the major British or American publishers.

Answer

Do not translate.  Do not compare and contrast English and Chinese cultures.  Translation and comparative cultural studies are very different subjects from English Language.  Do not mix them up at your present level of competence.  Focus.

Answer

It is silly to let your ethnicity be a burden in life.  It is silly to preface your English-learning with "As a Chinese".  When you are learning a foreign language, lay down your ethnicity and become ethnically and culturally neutral or blank.  Just be a pristine absorbent sponge with no pre-soaked liquid.

Answer

You are trying to see if there are generalised rules for prepositions.  The answer is NO.  Prepositions are not physics;  do not try to postulate or derive some equivalents of Newton's laws.