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🧠 Mastering Scientific English: C2-Level Vocabulary

the quality of a theory that allows it to be proven wrong

a major change in scientific thinking or method

related to the nature of being or existence

a simple rule or method used to solve complex problems

considered self-evident and accepted without proof

the study of how behaviour and environment affect gene activity

the observable traits shown by an organism's genes

the study of moral issues in biology and medicine

an organism with genes from another species

the brain’s ability to change and adapt over time

a state where particles remain connected across distance

the idea that time and space are linked and affected by speed

the idea that many universes may exist beyond our own

the idea that the universe appears as it does to support life

a point where known physical laws break down (e.g., black holes)

using computer programs to simulate real-world systems

checking that a theory matches what we observe

the ability to repeat a study and get the same results

the strictness and care taken in using methods and procedures

limits in our ability to know something for sure

built-in errors that affect results across a system

using prior knowledge to update beliefs with new data

a result that differs greatly from the expected norm

a long-term study following a group of similar people

work that crosses academic fields to solve complex problems

a system of ideas used to structure research or analysis

a factor used to uncover causal effects in data

a study combining the results of many studies

to adjust for factors that may affect results

finding out whether one thing really causes another

clarity about how a computer program makes decisions

relating to control by scientific or technical experts

the idea that complex things can be explained by simpler parts

a new quality that appears when parts work together

a chain of chemical reactions in a living system

the mental effort used during learning or thinking

a measure of uncertainty or disorder in data

the amount of useful information compared to random data

the belief that science can approach truth but not fully prove it

a high-level idea removed from real-world examples

a statement accepted as true without proof

starting from a general rule to reach a conclusion

making a general rule based on specific examples

new patterns that arise from simple rules or actions

the close link between science and modern technology

searching nature for useful biological compounds

when past decisions affect current and future choices

the honesty and accuracy of research practices