TOEFL (academic vocabulary)

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research and experimentation.

The systematic approach or set of methods used to conduct research or investigate a problem.

A statistical measure indicating the degree to which two variables are related or change together.

A conclusion drawn from evidence or reasoning rather than directly observed facts.

The degree to which a test or study accurately measures what it claims to measure.

The consistency and dependability of results obtained from a test or research study.

The examination of something in detail to understand its components, structure, and relationships.

A typical example or model that represents a particular way of thinking, understanding, or approaching a problem.

The process of combining different ideas, concepts, or elements to create a new whole or understanding.

Based on observation, experimentation, or experience rather than theory or speculation.