In the given example sentences, let's analyze the functions of the words "to drink," "drinking," and "dancing." "I brought us some lemonade to drink with lunch." "To drink" functions as an infinitive in this sentence and serves as an adjective that modifies the noun "lemonade." It indicates the purpose or intention of bringing the lemonade. Yes, you can replace the phrase "to drink" with "drinking" and rephrase the sentence as "I brought us some drinking lemonade for lunch." This construction still conveys the same meaning, indicating that the lemonade is intended for drinking during lunch. "I plan to dance." "To dance" functions as an infinitive in this sentence and serves as the direct object of the verb "plan." It indicates the action that the subject plans to do. "I plan dancing" is considered incorrect because when "plan" is used in this sense, it is typically followed by an infinitive, not a gerund. Regarding the use of past and present participles as adjectives in a sentence: Past participles typically describe the passive or completed aspect of an action. They are often used with the auxiliary verb "be" to form the passive voice or as adjectives to describe something that has undergone an action. Example: The broken glass needs to be cleaned. "Broken" is a past participle functioning as an adjective modifying the noun "glass." It indicates that the glass has undergone the action of breaking. Present participles typically describe the active or ongoing aspect of an action. They are commonly used as adjectives to describe something that is currently performing or undergoing an action. Example: The running child is fast. "Running" is a present participle functioning as an adjective modifying the noun "child." It indicates that the child is currently in the act of running. In terms of replacing past or present participles with other word categories to convey the same meaning, it depends on the specific context and sentence. While it may be possible to fi

So many questions! Enough material for half a dozen iTalki posts. Here are just a few observations: 1. "drinking lemonade" Yes, you absolutely can. It is grammatically correct. However, we do not normally say this. Why not? After all, we do say "drinking water" quite often. The sentence "I brought along some drinking water for lunch" sounds quite normal. Why should lemonade be treated differently from water? I don't know. It's just a difference in customary usage. 2. gerunds and infinitives (as nouns) You can always make this substitution, but it changes the feeling. The infinitive is pure and factual. The gerund creates a sense of the activity represented by the underlying verb. "To err is human" sounds like a scientific fact. "Erring is human" creates an image of our clumsiness and thereby feels friendlier and more conversational. 3. Past participles used as adjectives almost always create unanswered questions. Here are some examples: "the stolen goods" (who stole the goods?) "the injured child" (what or who injured the child?) "the buried treasure" (who buried the treasure?) There's nothing wrong with this. It's just the way past participles work as adjectives. 4. "I plan dancing" is grammatically correct. You can always replace the infinitive with the gerund. However, watch out for the change of meaning. It does not mean the same as "I plan to dance". For that you would have to say "I plan to be dancing". When you say "I plan dancing" you are saying that you are an activity planner, a person who plans a dance. You may or may not be a participant in this activity.

> I brought us some lemonade to drink with lunch. (adjective) > We can replace the first sentence using the noun erring, as in "Erring is human." I disagree that "to drink with lunch" is an adjective phrase modifying "lemonade". It is an "adverbial" phrase modifying the verb "brought" - it indicates the purpose of the action. (think of it a "to drink it with lunch", with "it" dropped to avoid needless repetition) Comparing it with an example like "I went to the gym to exercise" will make it clear. If you take "to exercise" as modifying "gym" (the same way you did your example), then it means you went there to do something ("exercise") to the gym which is not true. You went there with the purpose of exercising, so "to exercise" works on "went", not "gym". Exact same thing applies to your example sentence. Likewise, I find ""I brought us some drinking lemonade for lunch" pretty awkward and nonsensical. Is there a "non-drinking" lemonade such that you have to clarify the particular one you brought as the "drinking" kind? That ludicrous proposition. This whole problem arises because "to drink" is incorrectly associated with "lemonade".