Hi Would you tell me if the word ''substantial'' means ''large in size'' in this context or has another meaning? Step back for the moment and look around your environment. Perhaps you're sitting at a desk, by a table, or near a window. Outside, you might see trees, grass, other people, birds, flowers. Despite the fact that you're probably receiving only a small amount of virtual information about many of these stimuli, it seems to be an effortless and unthinking process to classify these objects into their respective categories. It might very well be the case that much of substantial neural machinery is to built to address this complex problem of object recognition.