Don't translate to Fahrenheit, think in Fahrenheit--if, heaven forbid, you need to.
96% of the world uses the Celsius scale. But some "Celsius-speakers" may have a need to understand temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, the system used in the United States--perhaps when they are reading old books, or visiting the US. Quick tips: first, Google understands "search" terms like "100 F to C" or "20 C to F" and will give you the result immediately. (This works with currency and other conversions, too!) Second, most weather apps and websites, even US-oriented, will show both systems, or at least give you a configuration option for Celsius.
Rather than discuss how to do the annoying arithmetic, which for me is too hard to do mentally, let me give some tips on "understanding without translating." The key is to remember a few "interesting" temperature pairs.
a) 100°F = 37.8°C is close to body temperature. (100°F was supposed to be body temperature and there are different stories on why it isn't). 37°C is exactly 98.6°F--we learn that "body temperature is ninety-eight point six"--but don't bother to memorize that. The point is that 100°F is hot weather. If you see a forecast for 100°F, wear shorts and a short-sleeved shirt--and try to stay in the shade.
b) 68°F = 20°C is the official "room temperature" for setting thermostats. So this is the "ideal comfortable temperature," and anything around 65-75°F is comfortable without a jacket.
c) 32°F = 0°C is "freezing." Sometimes we even reference temperatures informally to "freezing" instead of a number of degrees. We say "It's supposed to get below freezing tonight," instead of "below 32°"
d) 0°F = -17.8°C is "zero" and it means serious winter clothing, puffy down jackets or heavy overcoats. If you aren't familiar with US weather, 0°F is starting to be dangerous--you can get frostbite if you are out for a long time and your face isn't covered or it's windy. Frostbite is no joke, it's serious.
We usually call a temperature like -5°F "five below zero" or just "five below," not "minus five."
e) -40°F = -40°C, exactly. This is where the two scales meet. Hopefully you won't actually encounter this, but it is sometimes handy to know. For example if you <em>are</em> going to convert by calculation it is easier to remember "add forty, multiply by 9/5 or 5/9, then subtract forty" then to remember whether you add or subtract 32 and whether you do it before or after.
f) For temperatures that are close to a temperature that you've memorized, just figure a degree Celsius is very roughly two degrees Fahrenheit. So if you see 60°F and you know that 68°F = 20°C, you can figure that's eight degrees lower than 68, so in Celsius it will be about 4 degrees lower than 20 = 16°C. The accurate number is 15.56°C.
So now you know: when Jack London's story, "To Build a Fire," says "Fifty degrees below zero stood for a bite of frost that hurt and that must be guarded against by the use of mittens, ear-flaps, warm moccasins, and thick socks," he is talking about something colder than -40°C, and roughly 5° colder or -45°C. (The accurate value is -45.56°).