Can I use a form with "of" to express the size of something
A twelve-inch ruler
A two-metre high tree
Can I use the form with "of" to express the same meaning, as follows
A ruler of 12 inches or a ruler of 2 inches long
A tree of 2 metres high

Question

Can I use a form with "of" to express the size of something
A twelve-inch ruler
A two-metre high tree
Can I use the form with "of" to express the same meaning, as follows
A ruler of 12 inches or a ruler of 2 inches long 
A tree of 2 metres high

Answer

Not really - it doesn't sound natural, although an English speaker would understand you.