1. 懂 to know a language e.g. 你懂英语吗？ 2.懂/了解 to know something or somenone very well, e.g. 男人不懂/了解女人。 (Men dont know women.) 我不懂/了解足球。 （I dont know football.） 3.懂/明白 to know what someone is saying, e.g. 我听不懂/明白你在说什么。（I dont understand what you are saying.) 4. 理解 to understand something that is complicated or difficult/comprehend e.g. 孩子们不能理解这个故事的意思。（Children dont comprehend the meaning of the story.) I hope my answer would help you a little.

懂generally understand, 了解a little understand, 明白generally understand, 理解 rationally understand, deeply understand

懂 - means to perfectly understand something 明白 - can be an adjective 他将得非常明白 懂, 明白- are only used with things 我懂／明白老师的意思 了解 - means to learn something by asking 了解 - can be used with people and things 他很了解他