Technically, 취하다 itself means "to get drunk" Hence 오늘 밤 취하지 마 is perfectly clear and adequate. 술취하지마 is almost the same. You can even see "술취하다" as a separate, stand-alone verb. It's a different story with "술에 취하다" though. It purges any possibility of being mislead, and thus, more of a legal expression such as DUI (driving under influence) And thus, it doesn't sound that natural in the sentence "술에 취하지 마" which is supposed to be for private conversations. BTW, 취하다 can be a very sweet and romantic expression since it can mean "to get (emotionally) deeply involved with" 음악에 취하다 (music) 향기에 취하다 (scent) 기쁨에 취하다 (pleasure) 잠에 취하다 (sleep) 술에 취하다(!!!) = truly enjoying the alcoholic drink.

오늘 밤 취하지 마. 오늘 밤 술 취하지 마. 오늘 밤 술에 취하지 마. As mentioned, 취하다 is more general, like "be intoxicated", and "술에 취하다" spells it out fully, like "be intoxicated with alcohol". In real life, though, 술에 취하다 is not used as much as 취하다 or 술 취하다, as it is too long and fussy. We tend to drop the maker particles like 에 when the meaning is clear without them. Another point is that most people are not likely to use any of these phrases in real life situation. We would say 오늘 밤 (술) 너무 많이 마시지 마 (Don't have too much to drink tonight) or 오늘 밤 적당히 마셔 (Drink what you can handle [Drink moderately] tonight) more often. These sound more natural and smooth than the overly direct 취하지 마 or "Don't get drunk".

It's all correct. If someone loses his consciousness and can't keep himself steady we use the word 취하다. So you can use 취하다 not only with 술 but also 잠(sleep), 약(drug or medicine), 향기 (perfume?) and many other words. But if you say just 취하다 without adding other words, then it means mostly to get drunk. like 취했어? 취하지마, 취했구나.. etc. I hope you understand my english.