The sentence is correct. To use "as" twice, you can say "We visited as many courtiers as we had days." and it the listener knows you stayed 5 days in that place, they'd know you visited five courtiers. Hope this helps! :)

Here are two rephrasings of the sentence with the same meaning (but minor contextual adjustments), which might help you understand the sentence structure: “We visited five courtiers in five days.” “We visited as many courtiers as we had days (in the city).”