What does under-plan mean? When deadlines are distant, managers can shift people’s attention away from the deadline and toward the final outcomes of everyday tasks. Reminding employees of the final payoffs of different tasks is an effective way to do this. And there are times when longer deadlines are more effective than short deadlines, such as when individuals have a natural tendency to under-plan, in saving for college or planning for retirement, for example. Though some people will procrastinate or abandon the task, those that do take it on will achieve the goals because they assume that they need to put more effort into the task than what is typically required. In this case, the deadline pressure serves to balance against under-planning. I don't understand under-plan meaning and example in this context. Does it mean "stick to plan"?

incidental? In a recent study published in the Journal of Consumer Research, my colleagues Rajesh Bagchi and Stefan Hock and I demonstrate that longer deadlines can lead workers to think an assignment is harder than it actually is, which causes them to commit more resources to the work. This, in turn, increases how much they procrastinate and their likelihood of quitting. This is true even when the deadline length is incidental, such as when a venue or guest isn’t available for an extended period of time. I don't understand "This is true even when the deadline length is incidental, such as when a venue or guest isn’t available for an extended period of time"

reduced subject relative clause and participle This is the book written by John. Is this sentence reduced subject relative clause or participle?

Question about Why This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. In this context, are "Why's" relative adverb?

Question about 'that' "Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet it." Why is "that" before "the city" used? I think " , " is right. Is there important reason for that?

Questions about grammar and word. 1. "Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath." What is the difference between 'have now taken' and 'have taken'? They look same to me. 2."'Challenges will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But they will be met." I never know how to use "meet" like that. Is this same meaning of "meet the deadline"?

What does "at some point" in this context? I was working on an unrelated project in the building and had been invited into their high-security, hermetically sealed chamber at some points to join the brainstorming. Is that mean room in some place??

Questions about the reading. 1. If you want people to agree with you, just nod and maintain eye contact while you’re talking. ‘The nod’ sign means ‘everything I’m saying is true.’ Plus, following social behavior patterns, people tend to nod back. 2. Have you ever wished the subway wasn’t that crowded in the morning? In crowded places look right in front of you, in the direction in which you’re going. You will be impressed watching the crowd literally give way to you. This trick is very easy to explain: in crowded places we tend to look other people in the eyes so that we know which direction someone is going. We take the opposite way so not to run into each other. Questions 1. what does nod back mean? I know he meaning of the nod but I can't imagine someone who nod 'back'. 2. I don't understand 'the opposite way' in this context because there is no contrasting way in here.

I have some questions about here. “One of my first big contracts was a ten thousand-dollar gig to handle a group of trolls who had been vandalizing a company’s Wikipedia page and filling it with lies and rumors. These “facts” were then showing up in major newspapers and on blogs that were eager for any gossip they could find about the company.How do we just make it stop?, the company pleaded. We just want to be left alone. It’s the same predicament Google found itself in when Facebook hired a high-profile PR agency to execute an anonymous whisper campaign against them through manufactured warnings about privacy 1. what does 'gig' mean mean in this context? (I've already looked up the dictionary but I didn't find the right meaning) 2. I think "facts" in this context means the fact that trolls vandalize a company's Wikipedia page. Is it right?