English describes things with "who", "which" and "that" AFTER the noun: the man who came, the film that we saw, the thing I said. English speakers look for the Malayalam word for "who" and try to build the same order, using the question word ആര് (aaru) = who, as in ആൾ ആര് വന്നു (aal aaru vannu), which sounds like a broken question. Malayalam has no "who" or "which" for this job. In this episode: • The present describer: -unna • The past describer: -a and -iya • The "didn't" describer: -aatha • "with" and "nearby": ulla • "what i said": adding -athu • Language bridge • Practice • Self-check questions with answers Key phrases from this episode: വരുന്ന കുട്ടി (varunna kutti) = the child who is coming കളിക്കുന്ന കുട്ടികൾ (kalikkunna kuttikal) = the children who are playing ഉറങ്ങുന്ന പൂച്ച (urangunna poocha) = the sleeping cat അവിടെ നിൽക്കുന്ന ആൾ (avide nilkkunna aal) = the person standing there വന്നു (vannu) = came → വന്ന ആൾ (vanna aal) = the person who came കണ്ടു (kandu) = saw → ഞങ്ങൾ കണ്ട സിനിമ (njangal kanda sinima) = the film we saw പറഞ്ഞു (paranju) = said → ഞാൻ പറഞ്ഞ കാര്യം (njaan paranja kaaryam) = the thing I said എഴുതി (ezhuthi) = wrote → അവൾ എഴുതിയ കത്ത് (aval ezhuthiya kathu) = the letter she wrote പോയി (poyi) = went → പോയ വർഷം (poya varsham) = last year, the year that went വരാത്ത കുട്ടി (varaatha kutti) = the child who didn't come കഴിക്കാത്ത ആൾ (kazhikkaatha aal) = the person who hasn't eaten ഉറങ്ങാത്ത കുഞ്ഞ് (urangaatha kunju) = the baby who won't sleep എനിക്ക് അറിയാത്ത കാര്യം (enikku ariyaatha kaaryam) = something I don't know Learn Spoken Malayalam at Home: a complete course in everyday spoken Malayalam for English speakers. Native Malayalam pronunciation, every phrase in Malayalam script, Manglish and English, plus a language bridge comparing Malayalam with other world languages. Listen, repeat out loud, then take the 52-question quiz. Audio voiced with AI from an original script by Dr. Rashmi R Nair.