The past participle is the 3rd form of the verb. Speak, spoke, spoken (past participle) We use present perfect for experiences (I have been to Prague) and recent past.

I rather to call it recent past instead of present perfect. All in all , it is past tense but they call it present perfect!! It confuse us (non native speakers) so much

Recent past is only one of the reasons we use present perfect. You'll need to learn the other situations for present perfect.