父亲 means father 母亲 means mother 妈妈 means mom/mummy 爸爸 means day/daddy 父母 or 双亲 means parent so you can easily find that they are the same but 父亲,母亲 and 双亲 are usually used in formal ways

妈妈 and 爸爸 are like mom and dad. 母亲 and 父亲 are like mother and father. So yes, they are more formal. And I am pretty sure they are used in any Mandarin-speaking country.

妈妈 = Mum 爸爸 = Dad 母亲 = mother 父亲 = father

父亲母亲 are more formal. imho, it is a bit strange to call my parents 父亲 and 母亲 at home.