Кухонная плита or плита means a kitchen stove. Газовая плита is a gas stove, and электрическая плита or электроплита is an electric stove.
Духовка is an oven as the part of a stove that is box-shaped with a door, in which food is baked or heated, or a separate device with this shape and use. In the form of a separate device it's also called духовой шкаф.
Печь or печка is the word that is used for calling numerous devices made of stone, brick, or metal that are used for heating the space around them, heating and cooking the food inside of them, or smelting metals. Микроволновая печь or микроволновка is a microwave oven. Хлебопечка is a bread machine. Reading fairytales and other stories that take place in the Russian countryside you can meet the word печь or печка without any specifying, and in such cases it means the type of masonry stove that is called Russian stove. Духовка is another kind of печь. Горн is some sort of a metallurgical furnace, and this is печь as well. Also the word горн means a bugle, and the word печь is a verb that means to bake.
Топка is the chamber of печь where wood, coal, or other fuel is burned. Just in case you are interested in it, there's a slang phrase "в топку" that is used to express anger. "В топку их!" is like "Screw them!" And, speaking of slang, there's also a slang usage of the verb печь. There're at least three ways to say something like "I am butthurt" in Russian. If you're moderately annoyed you can say "У меня припекает". If you're pretty annoyed you can say "У меня печёт". And finally, at the extreme level of annoyance you can say "У меня бомбит".