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Love and Marriage for Women in Pride and Prejudice
Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is considered if not her best novel, her most popular one. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” The sentence with which the novel begins refers that poor single woman must are desperate for a husband. In the 19th century women’s concern was to find a husband. In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen portrays the theme of love an marriage through the feminine character.
Through the main character, Elizabeth Bennet, Jane Austen depicts a woman who believes in marriage for love, which was no common at that time. Elizabeth misjudgement of Mr. Darcy’s character makes she turn him down after the first proposal, although he is considerably more rich than she. As she states, “From the very beginning, […] I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.”. Elizabeth is against a marriage without love, no matter how rich the man is. Only at the end of Pride and Prejudice does Darcy reveal his real character completely and it makes Elizabeth to be aware of her love for Darcy. Elizabeth’s initial rejection of Darcy usefully assures that she is not marrying him for his money, but for loving him.
In contrast, the character of Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s best friend, agrees to marry the unattractive but wealthy Mr. Collins after Elizabeth has rejected him. As Charlotte argues when she was talking to Elizabeth, “I am not a romantic you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collin’s character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair, as most people can boas on entering the marriage state,”. Charlotte supports the idea of marriage for a comfortable establishment rather tan for love. Moreover, Elizabeth’s mother, Mrs. Bennet, only concern in the novel is to get her daughters married as soon as possible. In the novel Mrs. Bennet says to Elizabeth, “But I tell you what, Miss Lizzy, if you take it into your head to go on refusing every offer of marriage in this way, you will never get a husband at all- and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father is dead” By the middle of the history Elizabeth has turned down the proposal of marriage from Mr. Collins, but Mrs. Bennet expected Elizabeth to accept the proposal because she is a woman and that marriage would improve her financial situation.
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John Milton's political beliefs in Paradise Lost.
John Milton was a revolutionary who wanted a republic and found the monarchs useless. During the seventeenth century he supported Cromwell and tried to overthrow the king Charles I. Milton believed in rule by merit and was against rule by birth. He found living under a monarch demeaning because as he stated in Ready and Easy Way he believed that a monarch has little to do but "...pageant himself up and down in progress among the perpetual bowing and cringing of an abject people, on either side deifying and adoring him for nothing done that can deserve it." John Milton's voice in Paradise Lost is one of the most distinctive and individualistic in English literature and through Satan's speeches Milton embodies his own political views.
To begin with, in Paradise Lost can be read as a political allegory, character and events can be aligned with aspects of the political context of the poem's creation. Milton infuses his political thinking using Heaven as metaphor of the greatest Kingdom. Hell represents a republic, God the powerful monarch, and Satan is the protagonist of his ideas. In Book I Satan says, " Me though just right, and the fixed laws of Heav'n / Did first create your leader, next, free choice,[...] Established in a safe unenvied throne / Yielded with full consent,". In the quote Satan argues that in Heaven God rules without the consent of his subjects, shoving the hard work and sacrifice off the others, and explains that he being chosen as leader would be quite the opposite. Through the speeches of Satan in Hell, Milton illustrates the way he believed true leaders should act, and how they should be selected. Likewise, Satan's attempts to rouse the fallen angels are reminiscent of Milton's desire to rally support for the Cromwellian government. For example, as the poem expresses in Book I, "Can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n" and adds, "Here we may reign secure, and my choice / To reign is worth ambition, Though in Hell; / Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heav'n." . Satan delivers his heroic speech challenging God, and tells the other rebels that they can change the world, there is nothing that is fixed, Hell can be the Heaven, and vice versa. Satan is trying to encourage them to continue challenging God. As Mary Ann Radzinowicz puts it in The Politics of Paradise Lost "Milton […] deposits in Satan's 'democratic, antipatriarchal, irreligious views' his own pre-Restoration republicanism.".
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The British Monarchy.
One of the characteristics of Britain is that is a country in which a large amount of the population supports the monarchy. Even so, nowadays, there is a small part of the British people who are against the monarchy. A 17% of the Britons believe that it is time to abolish the monarchy for several reasons.
Firstly, republicans argue that the monarchy is not democratic. They maintain that it is not democratic to have an unelected, hereditary, head of state because the people do not get the opportunity to elect, when citizens should have the right to choose. Furthmore, despite the fact that it is a convention of the British Constitution that the Queen will not refuse Royal Assent, they defend that the monarchy is anti-democratic because the Queen can refuse to give Royal Assent. Another cause is that the royal prerogative gives extensive power to the executive. In British the government, in particular the Prime Minister, exercises considerable power in the name of royal prerogative. And these powers are exercised with no legislative supervision or control. The republicans support that without a monarchy these power would reside in parliament, which could decide whether and how to delegate decision to the executive. Anti-monarchy Brits argue that the monarchy institutes inequality because perpetuates the class system and undermines the proper recognition of merit. Monarchy reminds them of the truth that people are not born equal in society, and that they could never become Head of State because of not belonging to the royal family members. In addition, republicans consider that royalty achieve military ranks and medals that they have not earned and due to that the work of true military professionals is undervalued. They allow themselves to be nominated as patrons of charities, degrading the efforts of those who make genuine contributions and have real expertise. Moreover, for republicans is necessary to abolish the monarchy because it affect the economy. They believe that, while it is true that the history of their monarchy and the royal palaces are part of the reason some tourists come to Britain, there is no reason to suppose that a republican constitution would stop tourist to visit the country. An example of this for them is Versailles in republican France. Versailles receives around six million visitors a year, whereas Buckingham Palace, when is open to the public, receives less than half a million.
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The Treasure of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan.
The Treasure of the City of ladies is a manual of education that was written by medieval Italian-French author Christine de Pizan, and is the sequel or companion piece to The Book of the City of Ladies. The book was published in 1405 and dedicated to Margaret of Burgundy at a time when Christine was writing works for Margaret's father Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy. While The Book of the City of Ladies shows the importance of women’s past contributions to society, The treasure of the City of Ladies tries to teach women how to cultivate useful qualities. The text offers advice and guidance to women of all ages and from all levels of medieval society, from those with power and authority to the poorest peasant women..
Pizan's book explains in detail the various aspects of women’s lives during the late Medieval and Renaissance culture.In the Treasure, she focuses on three main areas of a women’s life during this time period. First she discusses the role of knowledge and education in the lives of the various women. Then she offers her advice to all the different women of varied backgrounds and social standards. She relates how all of these women are in fact connected due to common concerns. Finally, she explains how men and women interact with one another. By describing the way in which women are treated by the men during this time, she represents the typical relationship between men and women during Renaissance times. Women were expected to lead a very specific life, focusing on the men of their society. They should love their husbands, respect them, and obey their commands. The men in return satisfied/fulfilled the women’s needs by providing them with whatever they needed. The men and women lived with a mutual respect between themselves.
In The Treasure of the City of Ladies, she emphasizes the persuasive effect of women’s speech and actions in everyday life. In this particular text, Christine argues that women must recognize and promote their ability to make peace between people.
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Petrarch's "Rime 190" and Sir Thomas Wyatt's "Whose List to Hunt"
Throughout the history of poetry, many poets have attempted to copy the style of an original form of poetry. One example of these poets is Sir Thomas Wyatt. Sir Thomas Wyatt's sonnet "Whose List to Hunt" is an imitation of Petrarch's "Rime 190". From a comparison of the texts can be noticed differences.
In Petrarch the sonnet begins with a description "A pure-white doe in an emerald glade / Appeared to me, with two antlers of gold," (1.1-2). Wyatt's sonnet stars by challenging his pols "Whoso list to hunt, I know where is a hind," (1.1). Petrarch talks about a woman he was in love with, but he never actually attempts her because Laura was married. He just follows her because he is enchanted by the vision. Wyatt, instead, talks about hunting a woman which means chasing a girl. Because Anne Boleyn is married, the speaker is trying to stop chasing the woman, but something about her makes it impossible. Wyatt attempts to hunt the women despite of knowing that she is impossible to capture "Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind" (1.8). In Petrarch the sonnet is more focused in the beauty of Laura. The kind of metaphor at the end is a dream of love. While in Wyatt it is tormented love. He mixes love with the situation of power, he is competing with the absolute of Henry.
Is commonly believed that "Whoso List to Hunt" have been written by Thomas Wyatt for Anne Boleyn, who married King Henry VIII. In Sir Thomas Wyatt's days it was a capital crime to hunt the royal deer and with the words "Noli me Tangere, for Caesar's I am, / And wild for to hold, though I seem tame." he expresses that Anne cannot be reach, she belongs to Caesar and he cannot pursue she if he does he will be punished. "Noli me Tangere," is also a quotation from the Latin Bible, the words of the risen Christ to Mary Magdalena. Wyatt is facing the difficulty due to please God, and the difficulty due to please Henry.
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Questo contenuto viola le linee guida della Comunità.24 marzo 2015
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Buying Second Hand Goods Online. I
In the last few years, thanks to the progress of technology, the means with which people obtain items that they want have increased considerably. One of these new ways that a large number of population uses currently consist in buying on the internet used items . Buying second hand goods online offers advantages.
Firstly, buying second hand goods online supposes an advantage because, since they are not new items, their prizes are nearly always lower compared with the cost of new goods. The factor of being less expensive lets people save money, and also makes the goods accessible to those who have fewer financial resources and cannot afford the high prices that they would have to pay if the item is new. They can make a comparison between the large amount of goods and decide what them could buy. And that is another benefit, buying online can be founded a wide variety of items. For example, if they are looking for a bike them can choose from bikes of over thirty years to some new ones. In addition, being second hand items, offers a great number of goods that are unique and different from others and they can only be bought there. As an example of the latter, for those who enjoy wearing clothes different from the others, on web sites that sell second hand clothes the could purchase an item that the other shops does not have, like a jersey hand woven and dyed long ago and of which copies does not exist. They can be sure that nobody else will wear it. Second hand goods may have some imperfection, defect, or tear, but to avoid keeping an item that is not in good condition, before buying something they can ask the seller to guarantee that they would be able to return the article if they are not satisfied with it. It is true that, people cannot expect all second hand goods to be the same as the new products, but most of them already know that, so the buyers are not being deceived.
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Introduccion and conclusion.
The world is constantly changing, and it never will be the same as in the past. The countries experience variations more or less noticeable, but all the changes, without exceptions, are important and will be part of the history of a country. Changes make the situation of a country be as it is. Spain is a country in which doubtlessly a lot of changes have taken place.
The immigration in Spain as well as the role of women in today's society have undergone a transformation. Though the quantity of foreigners have been decreased because of factors such as the crisis in the country, they are still an important part of the population that play an appreciable role. Concerning women as is demonstrated in the data, their life has changed in recent decades. Spanish women have grown as citizen, as professionals, and above all as women: it seems that this changes have just begun.
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Women's situation in Spain.
In the last 30 to 50 years one of the aspects more evident in the changes of the Spanish society is the role that play the women. Great progress has been made in the field of education. Then 10.04% of all feminine population were illiterate; today it is 0.38%. In relation with the secondary education another noticeable change can be seen, since in the past a 7.89% of the women had access to it and now this rate has increased to a 62.89%. Over the time the amount of feminine students in the university has gone from a 3.80% to a 27.16%. The job market is surely where the change has been more visible for the women. In that time, nearly nine million Spanish women have been incorporated to the world of work. Women held jobs that before they didn't. For example, in the field of public administration the increase of feminine presence is notable. The number of women working in the Congress, the Senate, and the Regional Parliaments has been increased eightfold. But it hasn't all been good for women in work, considering that the gender pay gap is still appreciable in some jobs. Other areas in which women has experienced changes are the maternity or the marriage. Not only has change the birth rate, that has fallen from 1.94 to 1.37; but also the age at which women have children has risen to 31 years. In regard to the marriage less women get married and they do it later. If in 1985 the marriage rate was 5.20%, now it is 4.7%; the age of getting married has changed from between 20-24 to 25-29. Before women couldn't divorce, but because of the divorce law, approved in 1981, women were able to break a family life that they didn't want. This is evident by the fact that from 1983 to 2004 the number of separations increased by about 300%, and the divorces a 172%. Further, a progress has been made in the distribution of the housework. While before mostly of women carried out the household chores, presently they are equally divided between men and women; the difference of time that each of them dedicated to home was five-and-a-half hours, and now is three hours.
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Changes in Spain.
To begin with, in the last years immigration in Spain has undergone considerable changes. This can be explained by a number of reasons including its geographical position, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. While in 1981 the number of foreign in Spain was 198,042 corresponding to 0.52% of total population, in 2011 had increased to 5,730,667 , and at the moment Spain has around 4,676,022 foreign ; this decrease is due to facts like the crisis in the country. The foreign population is usually located in zones with the largest economic dynamism. Therefore, the places in Spain with the greatest amount of immigrants are Madrid, Barcelona and Alicante. The geographic distribution of the foreign in Spain also depends on their nationality. For example, Madrid and Catalonia mostly have foreign from Latin America and Africa, Moroccans are more numerous in Catalonia and Andalusia, and a 75.51% of the Pakistanis that are in Spain live in Catalonia. Most of the British are located in Alicante and Malaga; and Germans, in Balearic Islands and Canary Islands. In Spain the majority of foreign come from Ibero-America more principally from Equator, Colombia, Argentina, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil; they come too from Other countries in Europe as Romania , United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Ukraine, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands; from Africa, especially Morocco and Algeria in North Africa, and in South Africa from Senegal and Nigeria; and from Far East, above all, China. The consequences of immigration in Spain have been demographic, economic, sociocultural, and linguistic. The demographic consequences are the most remarkable since the country has experienced an increase in number of population, from 1998 to 2005 close to 4,260,000 people had decided to emigrate to Spain. In addition, the birth rate has grown in the same way as the younger population has done.The economic consequences imply an increase in the affiliation to the social security, because of the increase of the number of people with an adequate age to work. The arrived of foreign also contributed to increase Gross domestic product (GDP) between 2000 and 2005. Although, the immigration represented negative economic consequences considering that the salary of Spanish population not only hasn't increase, but decrease.
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