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简单的汉语语法
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE (冠词和不定冠词）
Chinese has no words for a/an ( indefinite article )or the ( definite article ). Often , the meaning is clear from the context .
To express the indefinite when it may not be clear from the context , use 一个 （one) or 一些 （some )
To express the definite ,use 这个(this) /那个 （that) or 这些 （these) /那些 （those) .
eg : 他是老师 She is a teacher .
盘子里有一个苹果 There is an apple on the plate .
那些是你的书 Those ( books ) are your books .
The position of the noun in a sentence is also important if a noun comes before the verb it is normally definite .If it comes after the verb it is normally indefinite.
eg : 老大爷头上戴了一顶草帽 The old man is wearing a straw hat .
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Chinese easy grammar
Measure words
I want one beer ( 我想喝一杯啤酒）。
一 is one. 杯 means glass.
To say how many you want of something,
In Chinese you need a measure word between
The number and the thing. So you can’t say:
‘ I want one beer’ - you have to say that you
Want ‘ one GLASS of beer’ , which is 一杯啤酒。
I want two beers- 我想喝两杯啤酒。
两杯啤酒 is two glasses of beer,
When you ask for two beers you do not use the
normal word for ‘two’ ,but you say ‘ a couple’ ,
which is 两。So you ask for 两杯啤酒。
I want two bottles of beer 我想喝两杯啤酒。
In this case, bottle is measure word and two means 两。
Chinese does not make any difference between thing and things .
The word for glass stays the same whether you are having one glass
or three !
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俗语 Common Saying : 不到长城非好汉 He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man
“ 不到长城非好汉 ” ，这句话里 “非 ” 的意思是 “ 不是 ” ，“ 好汉 ” 的意思是 " 很厉害的人 “ “英雄 ”。这句话的意思是没有去过长城的人就不是英雄，常常用来比喻一种积极的精神，遇到困难，要努力想办法克服，解决了问题，那就是 “好汉 ” 。
In the saying "不到长城非好汉 ” ， “ 非 ” means " not ", and "好汉 ” means " awesome person ” or " hero " .The saying means that a person who has never been to the Great Wall is not a hero .As a metaphor for positive spirit , it defines a hero as one who tries hard and works out the problems he faces.
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中国的 “新年” ----- 春节 The Chinese New Year ----- Spring Festival
春节是中国人的“新年”， 是中国最重要的传统节日。春节是个欢乐祥和的节日，也是亲人团聚的日子。每年春节的时候，离家在外的人们都会赶回家中，和亲人一起过春节。大家一起贴对联 .放鞭炮. 吃饺子.看春节联欢晚会，高高兴兴地过年。孩子们最喜欢过春节了，因为他们可以从长辈那里得到压岁钱。节日的热烈气氛不仅洋溢在各家各户，也充满大街小巷。一些地方还会有舞狮子.耍龙灯.逛庙会等文化活动。
Spring Festival, or the Chinese New Year, is the most important traditional festival in China. It is a happy ,merry day when family members have a reunion.Every year during the Spring Festival ,people away from home will return home to celebrate the festival with their families.Together they paste antithetical couplets, light off firecrackers,some eat dumplings,and watch the Spring Festival Gala happily and cheerfully.Kids love the Spring Festival best because they can get money from their elders as gifts . The bustling,festive ambience fills not only every household ,but also the streets and lanes.In some places,there are such cultural activities as lion dances, dragon- lantern shows and temple fairs, ect.
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笑话 ： 惩罚 Turnabout Is Fair Play
一名老师在高速公路上超速驾驶，
被带上法庭问话 ，她向法官求情说 ，
自己是老师，要敢去上课，必须马上走。
法官于是说：“ 太棒了！终于有老师被罚 。
请你坐到那个角落，罚抄五千次
” 我不再超速驾驶。“
Turnabout Is Fair Play
A teacher who had sped on the freeway was brought before a judge.
The teacher told the judge that she was a teacher and should be
in the classroom right now, and so she needed to leave.
Then the judge said , " Ah, beautiful ! At last I have a teacher
in front of me. Please sit in that corner and write five thousand times :
" I will never exceed the speed limit again. "
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笑话 不在场证明 A Good Alibi
一位歌剧演唱家问她丈夫 ：
“ 为什么每次我唱歌的时候，你总是跑到阳台去呢 ？
你不喜欢我的歌声吗 ？”
丈夫回答 ：
“ 不！ 不！ 我出去只是为了让邻居知道
我并没有在打你。”
A Good Alibi
An opera singer who was married asked her husband,
" why do you always go out onto the balcony whenever I sing ?
Don't you like my singing ?"
So the husband said , " No ,no , I just go out so that all the neighbors
can see that I'm not beating you ."
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笑话 驱苍妙招 Fly Repellent
有位客人问餐厅的服务生：
“ 苏珊 ， 你们店里都没有苍蝇， 你是怎么做到的 ？”
苏珊回答说 ：
“ 我只是让苍蝇先试吃我们的东西 。”
Fly Repellent
There was a customer who came and asked a waitress in a cafeteria ,
" tell me , Susan, how do you keep all the flies out of your coffee shop ?"
So she said, " Oh, I just let them taste the stuff. "
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请教各位一下，荒唐是一个语素吗？
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笑话： 客气 politeness Pays Off
有两个人一起出去吃饭，结果点了两条鱼，
不久之后鱼就上桌了，但是通常鱼的大小都不太一样，
所以送来的鱼也是一条大一条小。
结果第一个人问也不问，
就把比较大的那条鱼夹起来吃，一点都没有不好意思的样子。
另一个人看了心里很不高兴，但是也不知道该说什么才好。
他想了一会，终于开口说：“如果是我的话，我一定会先夹那条小鱼。”
另一个人就接口说：“ 看吧 ！我就知道，所以我刚刚才拿大鱼。“
politeness Pays Off
There were two men who went out to eat together, and they ordered fish.
so onto the table came two fish.Normally, not all fish are alike in size;
there was one small and one big. So the first man took the big one for
himself, without asking or feeling ashamed or anything.He took the
big fish for himself and ate it.the other friend felt very disturbed and
annoyed, but he didn't know what to say.So he thought for a while,
and then said, " If it were me, I would have taken the smaller one first."
And the other guy said, "See ! I knew that !That's why I took the big one."
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常用句型： 4 ..... 也/都 + 行吗 ？ May/ Can...?
1. 用 铅笔 写 也 行 吗 ？ Is it all right to write with pencil.
------ 行。 ----- all right.
2.晚 一点儿 来 也 行 吗 ？ May I come a little later ?
------- 行。 ----- OK.
3.这个 交给 谁 都 行 吗 ？ Is it OK to give this to anyone (there ) ?
------ 不，请 交给 校长。 ----- No, please give it to the principal.
4.这个 放在 哪儿 都 行 吗 ？ My I put it wherever I like ?
------ 不， 要 放在 桌子 上 。 ----- No, put it on the desk.
在有多项选择的情况下，问话人询问自己是否可以选择某一项。
The pattern is used to ask if the questioners could make a choice among
several alternatives.
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