I do homework. Generally speaking. I do my homework. A bit more specific. I do the homework for science. Most precise. Ex. I do homework every day at 4 o’clock.

I am doing homework (present tense). I did my homework (past tense). I will do my homework (future test).

If speaking of homework generally, you wouldn't use 'the'. If speaking of specific homework, you would. Or you'd use 'my'.