Nouns can be specific or nonspecific. To make a noun specific we use specifiers such as determiners (this, that, these, those), possessive determiners (my, your, his, her, our, its, their), articles (the, a), and quantifying determiners (every, each, either, neither, both, all, half). In most cases, you want to use a determiner because otherwise, you aren't talking about anything specific. Without a determiner you are only talking about a category or an abstraction.
There are many situations where a specifier is not needed. You can be nonspecific if you choose to, either because you want to be imprecise or because specificity just doesn't matter. Another situation where specifiers are not needed is when the noun is used in the style that English teachers like to call "uncountable". As a first example, consider
"He is king of France"
in which specificity just doesn't matter. You can add "the" but it adds nothing of importance. "He" belongs to the abstract category of "kings of France". Here's another example. In
"King Alexander, hero to his people, reigned over Swan's Paradise for decades."
no specifier is needed. Alexander belonged to the abstract category of "heroes".
Here's another,
"Joy overcame her emotions. She was so happy"
in which "joy" works best without any specifier. You could say "a" joy. It would not be wrong. But "joy" is an example of a noun that is normally treated as "uncountable". That means it flows like water or hope. We don't normally count our joys. We don't normally point to them like: "Look at that joy over there!". We don't specify them. Instead, we float in them as if they were a sea.