A part-time jobs is one where you only work part of the week, I think its if you work under 35 hours per week then its part-time. In a temporary job you will only work a specific amount of time then your job ends so you could get a temporary job for a year and after the year you'd have to leave.

the differences between those two expressions concern the duration and the types of work contracts one will get, a part-time job( for ex 25 hours per week) is different from a full time job ( 35 hours per week in France), the numbers of worked hours differ and a part-time job can be temporary (for a certain period of time : 6 months for ex) or permanent (what we call cdi in my country, which guarantees some security to the employee). part-time refers to the number of hours, temporary concerns the duration in time. Hope you understand better now.

This problem is difficult to define the difference between categorically defined by the labor laws of the country will change.