Not quite the same.
"I've got the hiccups." = You're hiccuping repeatedly [it's happening CONTINUOUSLY]. You've probably already had a few hiccups and they haven't ended yet.
"I just hiccuped" = I just hiccuped ONCE. It's referring to one particular hiccup as opposed to above, which is referring to ongoing and multiple hiccups.
--
Good luck and take care :)!