If you want to use 'any' in the sense of 'no matter which' you need to mention the thing itself i.e. you need to put the noun after the word 'any'. For example, 'I don't want just any dress. I want that one'. You would also need to stress the word 'any' here, to emphasise the contrast between other dresses and the specific one that you want. The word 'just' adds to the emphasis. In informal language, we often say 'I don't want just any old dress, I want that one'. The word 'old' here has nothing to do with actual age: it's there to reinforce your dismissive view of any dresses other than the one that you have set your heart on.

The word "any" has several uses- In negative or interrogative sentences: for example "Do you want any fruit?" " No thanks, I don't want any cake". In affirmative sentences "You can choose any present that you like".( meaning - whichever one you like, all are fine) I hope this helps.