Catch you later is still used sometimes and is very informal and is used with someone you see a lot or have plans with later. If you say something like, "It was delightful talking to you," it will sound as if you are in a historical movie most likely. It wouldn't necessarily be wrong and could be taken as very charming if said in the right way, but isn't common. "Nice to meet you" or "Nice talking with you" is probably the most standard way of expressing what you are trying to say. "Great" would be the next level up. From top to bottom I would say: delighted/pleased/nice/glad.

Catch you later is casual, and it is almost the only example you have given where there are no errors :) . “it was delighted talking with you as well.” “it was delightful talking with you as well.” Very, very polite. it was a pleasure to talking/talking with you” it was a pleasure talking with you” Lose the "to" and it is fine. Also very polite. maybe you would use that on the telephone if you didn't know them. Good/great meeting you ？ Good, great, nice meeting you are all very close. All fine. “delighted meeting you” “delighted to meet you” You need the "to" with this one. pleasure seems to be pretious and delighted seems inappropriate sometimes，is that right？ The word is pretentious, and not really, as long as the conversation requires a very polite reply. If it is a casual meeting, then yes, it would sound a bit odd. You know, if you only used "Nice meeting you" all the time, you will be quite ok in almost every situation.