To feel comfortable in a place means you feel 'at home' there. You are emotionally content and satisfied because you are used to it. To adapt to a place means to get to know how it works and how you must behave there. 'Adapt' has no emotional quality. Both of these sentences describe the same idea, but the first one has an emotional quality that the second one is missing.

If you adapt to a new place, one of the consequences is that you then feel comfortable.

In this case, they both mean the same thing.