I don't think it would. Using "where did I offend you" would be asking about the location and not what the action was.

I think there's a specific case where you can say it, and that is if if you are looking at a letter or a written conversation, and you are asking the other person to point out on the letter/conversation the part they found offensive.

Perhaps you can say: how did I offend you? to what extent have I offended you? There are many possiblities for asking the same questions. Have a nice day!