Can anybody help me to understand the meaning of phrase?
In the Internet I usually can find a word "stripped" which refers to the song. In short, there are some songs, for example, "Halsey - Colors", and there is another version of this song "Halsey - Colors (Stripped)". I cannot understand the difference between them and I didn't find a definition of a word "stripped" in dictionaries, it's hard for me to understand what it means. I'll be very grateful if anybody can answer my question! :)

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"Stripped down" can have several meanings.

Here, a stripped down song is a song reduced to its essentials. What is considered unnecessary to the song to keep its meaning or intent is removed. Perhaps it is simply pauses in the song, perhaps some words or even complete lines of the song are removed. It is very subjective what you do to strip down a song. But the idea is to have a shortened song that still retains the essentials of the original song.

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I saw this information on the Internet

About “Colors (Stripped)”
”Colors (Stripped)” is a stripped down version of Halsey’s song, ”Colors”. The song features a slower beat and some different lyrics.