COMMON GRAMMATICAL ERRORS: 1. Subjunctive Mood Errors Used for hypotheticals, wishes, or non-real situations. ❌ If I was you, I would apologize. ✅ If I were you, I would apologize. ❌ I wish she was here. ✅ I wish she were here. 2. Faulty Parallelism Items in a list or structure must follow the same grammatical pattern. ❌ She likes swimming, to run, and biking. ✅ She likes swimming, running, and biking. ❌ He is smart, hardworking, and has discipline. ✅ He is smart, hardworking, and disciplined. 3. Dangling Modifiers Modifier does not clearly refer to the subject. ❌ Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful. (Who is walking?) ✅ Walking down the street, I noticed the trees looked beautiful. 4. Split Infinitives (Context-Sensitive) Sometimes acceptable, but often avoided in formal writing. ❌ She decided to quickly finish the task. ✅ She decided to finish the task quickly. (Note: modern usage allows split infinitives if clearer.) 5. Improper Use of “Which” vs “That” * That = essential clause * Which = non-essential (with commas) ❌ The book which you gave me is good. ✅ The book that you gave me is good. ❌ The car that is parked outside, is mine. ✅ The car, which is parked outside, is mine. 6. Comma Splices Joining independent clauses with just a comma. ❌ She loves coffee, she drinks it daily. ✅ She loves coffee; she drinks it daily. ✅ She loves coffee, and she drinks it daily. 7. Incorrect Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Pronoun must match its antecedent in number and gender. ❌ Everyone should bring their notebook. (Formally incorrect, though common) ✅ Everyone should bring his or her notebook. (Modern alternative: their is now widely accepted in informal/formal contexts.) 8. Ambiguous Pronoun Reference Unclear what the pronoun refers to. ❌ When John met Mark, he was angry. (Who is angry?) ✅ When John met Mark, John was angry.