In my view, 效果,it is a neutral word. While,成效, it is a positive word. We can say 这个药颇有成效(This kind of medicine is effective.)
成果 and 结果
About 成果,means 成功的果实。结果(jié guǒ) like 效果 also a neutral word, but we can say 经过一番争论,结果他还是让步了。(效果×)
And other thing, 结果(jiē guǒ)means when trees or flowers mature, they will become fruits。
I hope it can help you